International

EIA GUIDELINES

RESOURCES: METHODOLOGIES, PRACTICAL EXAMPLES, CAPACITY BUILDING
• Public participation resources - generic
• Resources on public participation in EIA, environmental management and protection
• Resources on participatory development and community development and planning
• Resources on public participation in historic preservation
• Resources on EIA, environmental management and protection
• Resources: libraries, networks, and discussion groups

CASE STUDIES
• Public participation case studies
• Case studies in EIA and environmental management and protection

TRAINING
• Training in EIA
• Training in public participation
• Other training

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, AGREEMENTS AND PROTOCOLS

CONTACTS

Public participation is conducted all over the world as an avenue for citizens to participate in decision-making. There are many public participation guidelines available worldwide. Below, we provide just a sample of the more recent ones. Each has a slightly different slant, illustrating that there is no blue-print public participation process. Different things work for different people under different circumstances. Some guidelines are specific to EIA or other focus areas, others are generic. Where possible, we have grouped the guidelines.

Also remember to look under the Africa, SADC or country categories for guidelines, and to look under Resources for tips, methods and other useful resources, and also to look under Case Studies for practical applications.

Click on the focus area you are interested in:

• Guidelines on public participation in EIA and environmental management/protection
• Guidelines on indigenous peoples/community participation
• Generic public participation guidelines
• Guidelines on public participation in historic preservation planning

• Awakening Participation: Building Capacity for Public Participation in Environmental Decision-making. A Public Participation Training Module, 133pp. By the Regional Environmental Centre (REC) for Central and Eastern Europe. 1996
  The REC Public Participation Training Project reinforces the REC's ongoing commitment to increasing public participation in environmental decision-making. The Training Project is an outgrowth of the expertise gained through several years of REC policy research and cooperation with environmental leaders throughout the region on public participation issues, and following the development of a series of REC public participation workshops and materials, including a Manual on Public Participation in Environmental Decisionmaking, and a report on the Status of Public Participation Practices in Environmental Decisionmaking in CEE. Website

• Globalisation, Environment and Communities.
  This project aims to ensure that global processes on environment and development serve as a catalyst for meeting the priority needs and interests of communities worldwide by emphasizing global processes effects on communities. Website

• Meaningful Consultation in Environmental Assessments, Social Development Family in the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network of the World Bank
  This guide covers context of the consultative process, identification of affected groups and local NGOs, consultation facilitators, timing and implementation of the consultative process, information and communication, documentation of consultative process, and a checklist for reviewing and evaluating public consultation plans and processes. E-mail or E-mail

• Public Participation in Environmental Decision Making in Environmental Impact Assessment
  Canter, Larry. 1996.USA: McGraw-Hill.
  This guide covers definitions, regulatory requirements, advantages and disadvantages of public participation in the EIA, objectives of public participation, identification of publics, selection of public participation techniques, techniques for conflict management and dispute resolution, considerations for implementing a public participation program, and the incorporation of results in decision making.
  E-mail

• Public Access to Environmental Information: Annex 3 - European Guideline
  Annex 3 of Guidelines on Access to Environmental Information and Public Participation in Environmental Decision-making, refers to approved guidelines, public participation, administrative and judicial proceedings, and implementation of the guidelines.
  Annex 3

• Public Participation and Sustainable Development On-Line Module
  This module addresses the different ways in which citizens can be engaged in public issues, and is organised according to the following central themes:
  - General introduction to public participation
  - What do we understand about Public Participation? Why is it important? Which institutions are necessary for public participation?
  - Access to decision-making processes
  - How can we participate in decision-making? What effects does citizen participation have?
  - Access to public information
  - What is public information? Why is it important? How can we access this information?
  - Access to justice
  - How do we defend our collective rights? What mechanisms do we count on in order to access justice?
  http://www.farn.org.ar/docs/pp/en_index.html

• Public Involvement: From Consultation to Participation in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
  Roberts, Richard. 1995. Edited by F. Vanclay and D.A. Bronstein. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  This chapter covers the following topics: The Rise of Public Involvement, Participation and Democracy: The Ongoing Dilemma, Public Involvement: A Definition, The Benefits of Public Involvement, Relationships with Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, Who is the Public?, When Will the Public be Involved?, Degrees of Public Involvement, Developing a Public Involvement Strategy, A Coordinated Framework for Public Involvement, Stages in Public Involvement, Knowing When Trouble is Around the Corner, Current Issues in Public Involvement, Precedent-setting Guidelines, The Future of Public Involvement, and The Challenge of Public Involvement.
  PRAXIS1@NOVALINK.COM

• Public Participation Procedures, The DPA Group (International) Inc. 1992.
  This manual was prepared for the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). It covers key definitions, role of public participation in EA, public participation procedures (Canadian and foreign), management of the public participation component of EA, and implementation of public participation procedures in the Bilateral and Canadian Partnership Branches.
  http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/cgi-bin/library/mailform.cgi?username=libinfo&actual_name=Library+Information+Desk

• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Public Participation Manuals, (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
  The RCRA Public Participation Manual is intended as a "user's manual." It explains how public participation works in the RCRA permitting process (including corrective action), and how citizens, regulators, and industry can cooperate to make it work better. It also describes a wide assortment of activities to enhance public participation, and includes several appendices that provide lists of contacts, sources of information, and examples of public participation tools and activities.
  http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/permit/pubpart/manual.htm

  

• Role of Stakeholder Involvement in Environmental Assessment: Issues, Trends and Practice
  Scott Wilson Resource Consultants (Ron Bisset). 1996. Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Environmental and Economics Unit.
  This chapter examines the need for stakeholder involvement in EIA systems and studies. It also provides guidelines for creating and implementing a framework for stakeholder involvement in EIA.
  hussein.abaza@unep.org or http://www.rona.unep.ch

• The Role of the Citizen in Environmental Enforcement
  Drawing on the resources of citizens can enrich and strengthen the environmental enforcement process in several ways. First, citizen participation in environmental enforcement taps the direct, immediate connection between individuals and their environment. Citizens are uniquely knowledgeable about their own communities. Their day-to-day observations give them access to information about environmental conditions that the government could never obtain. Involving citizens in environmental enforcement encourages productive use of this information .... Click here for more...

• Integrating Indigenous Knowledge in Project Planning and Implementation.
  This is a Partnership Publication of the International Labour Organisation, The World Bank, Canadian International Development Agency and KIVU Nature Inc.
  http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/cida_ind.nsf/0/57ed1d990f2ac9be85256b21004b12de?OpenDocument

• A Guide to Public Involvement. Canadian Standards Association.
  This guide will help you determine whether or not to involve the public in making a decision or dealing with an issue in which both you and it have an interest. The Guide will assist you in determining the extent of your need to involve the public in an upcoming decision; decide what form of public involvement is most appropriate for you; design a detailed plan for public involvement; carry it out; and evaluate results.
  service@cssinfo.com or http://www.cssinfo.com/info/csa.html

• City of Vancouver Public Process Guide, Pilot Version
  The Guide is intended for use as a practical handbook to help City staff design and implement a public involvement process or solve problems with one that is underway. It does not prescribe set public involvement methods; rather, it outlines best practices and flexible tools. The Guide is being used for a pilot phase.
  http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/publicprocessguide/

• Consulting the Public: Guidelines and Good Practice.
  Seargeant, John and Jane Steele. 1998. London: Policy Studies Institute.
  This guide informs you about the benefits of consultation, purposes of consultation, identifying the consultees, methods, planning the process, and managing the process. Case studies provide a good reference to different project areas.
  pubs@psi.org.uk

• Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and access in Environmental matters. Handbook of Good practices in Public Participation at local level, The Aarhus Convention, Newcastle Workshop.
  http://www.unece.org/env/pp/ecases/handbook.pdf

• Public Participation Around the world, Public Participation Introductory Manual
  Are you interested in a brief, practical, low-cost manual on Public Participation from one of Canada's most experienced practitioners? If so, please read on. http://www.islandnet.com/connor/ppmanual.html

• Public Participation Coordination for the Natural Resources Conservation Service
  This part establishes Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) policy and objectives for public participation in NRCS programs and related responsibilities and activities. Through public participation NRCS effectively helps people to conserve soil, water, and related resources.
  http://policy.nrcs.usda.gov/scripts/lpsiis.dll/GM/GM_400_400.htmP

  

• Public Participation: A Manual
  Connor, Desmond M. 1996. Victoria, B.C.: Development Press.
  This manual covers topics such as preventing and resolving public controversy, case studies, techniques: the four basic building blocks of a good public participation program, a generic design for public involvement programs, basic principles, and other resources.
  connor@islandnet.com or http://www.islandnet.com/~connor

• The International Dimensions of public participation for the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
  By the Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe. 1996. 184pp.
  http://www.rec.org/REC/Publications/BndBound/BeyondBoundaries.pdf

• The Building Blocks of Participation: Testing Bottom-up Planning
  Cernea, Michael M. 1992. Washington, D.C. The World Bank.
  This paper discusses developing methodologies for participation, building capacity in projects, the three phases of participatory local planning, and lessons on generating a social methodology. ealfaro1@worldbank.org

• The New Public: The Globalization of Public Participation.
  Edited by ELI Senior Attorney Carl Bruch, this book takes a close look at the foundations of public involvement, and regional and international institutions that advance public involvement. The book, whose release coincides with the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa, highlights cases from Africa, the Americas, Europe, and Asia, illustrating the common need and experiences in promoting a core set of principles for public input in effective decision-making.
  http://www.elistore.org/reports_detail.asp?ID=10662

• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Civil Society Organizations and Participation Programme
  http://www.undp.org/csopp/CSO/NewFiles/docemppeople.html#Anchor-Introductio-23592

• Public Participation in Historic Preservation Planning, Heritage Preservation Services
  Preservation planning includes public participation. The planning process should provide a forum for open discussion of preservation issues. Public involvement is most meaningful when it is used to assist in defining values of properties and preservation planning issues, rather than when it is limited to review of decisions already made. Early and continuing public participation is essential to the broad acceptance of preservation planning decisions. The success of the preservation planning process depends on how well it solicits and integrates the views of various groups.
  http://www2.cr.nps.gov/pad/PlanCompan/PublicPartic/index.html

EIA Guidelines – generic

• Environmental Assessment and Compliance Unit. User Guide on the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act: The Public Registries of Environmental Assessments. Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).
  This guide informs you on how to access the public registry, how to use it, who maintains and updates it, and addresses questions concerning the registry.
  Jacqueline_Bilodeau@acdi-cida.gc.ca(Environment Specialist, CIDA) or visit http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/ea and click on "Environmental Assessment at CIDA".

• Enterprise Development Impact Assessment Information Services. Applicable Guidance notes.
  These notes relate Impact Assessment (IA) methodologies to specific areas of enterprise development work. Each area of work (application) gives the main issues and methodological issues that need to be taken into account in design and implementation of IA.
  http://www.enterprise-impact.org.uk/informationresources/applications.html

• Enterprise Development Impact Assessment Information Services. The Project Management Cycle
  The Project Management Cycle (PMC) is the framework which underpins the tools section, and a diagram of this framework is contained in the PMC Overview. The newcomer to the site is advised to refer to this diagram first, in order to understand the linkages between the tools.
  http://www.enterprise-impact.org.uk/informationresources/toolbox.shtml

• EIA - New Challenges, New Practices: Social Impact Assessment: Indigenous Communities and Cultural Sites. Seventh Environmental Assessment Tripartite Workshop, Ministry for the Environment - Maruwhenua - New Zealand. 1994
  This covers the background to Consideration of Indigenous Peoples Issues in Resource Management, Resource Management Act, Crown Minerals Act, Fisheries Act, Historic Places Act, Specific Mechanisms for consideration of "Cultural Effects" in the Assessment of Environmental Effects, Honing the Mechanisms, Social Impact Assessment and the Indigenous Peoples Issues, the use of indigenous consultants to provide the input into reports and the issue of consultation, Treaty Claims and Treaty Settlements, and Getting "Authoritative Voices" and competency in reporting directly from the New Zealand native group Tangata Whenua, where to go from here.
  http://www.mfe.govt.nz

  

• Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  Environmental Impact Statements are required of federal agencies for major projects or legislative proposals that may significantly affect the environment. These statements describe the positive and negative effects of the proposed undertaking and cite possible alternative actions. Impact Statements are required by the National Environmental Policy Act. The EPA reviews and responds to filed impact statements and makes available a national EIS filing system as well as publishing a weekly notice of EIS documents available for review.
  http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/envienvironmentalimpactstatement.html

• Environmental Methods Review: Retooling Impact Assessment for the New Century.
  Porter, Alan L. and John J. Fittipaldi. Fargo, North Dakota, USA: The Press Club, March 1998.
  This book provides reviews of the many processes for EIA including strategic assessments, risk assessments, and domain-oriented impact assessment. Within this context, there are several references to public involvement, methods, techniques, etc.
  rhamm@ndsuext.nodak.edu OR regeberg@ndsuext.nodak.edu

• Handbook on Environmental Assessment in Non-governmental Organizations and Institutions Programs and Projects.
  Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).
  http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/cida_ind.nsf/c868c8f732a05e34852565a20067581f/4a300d10badb47b2852565b4005c8434?OpenDocument

• Principles to guide the development of strategic environmental assessment methodology,
  Author(s): A. L. Brown ; Riki Thérivel, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, Volume: 18 Number: 3 Page: 183 – 189.
  Despite much recent attention being given to strategic environmental assessment (SEA), there are considerable difficulties moving from a useful concept to widespread and enduring practice. This may be partly because the proponents of the policies, p rogrammes and plans (PPPs) and the decision-makers remain unaware, or unconvinced, that SEA can add value to the existing processes in PPP development, assessment and decision-making. This paper attempts to respond to these difficulties by defining an overarching concept of SEA and a set of principles to assist in the evolution of effective methodologies. A broad range of SEA methodologies will be needed to adapt to the particular PPP-making context and these must be grafted onto the existing PPP process.
  http://hermia.ingentaselect.com/vl=725210/cl=26/nw=1/rpsv/cw/beech/14615517/v18n3/s3/p183

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNDP) EIA Manual
  http://www.ea.gov.au/assessments/eianet/unepmanual/manual/index.html

Also remember to look under the Africa, SADC or country categories for resources.

Click on the focus area you are interested in:
• Public participation resources - generic
• Resources on public participation in EIA, environmental management and protection
• Resources on participatory development and community development and planning
• Resources on public participation in historic preservation
• Resources on EIA, environmental management and protection
• Resources: libraries, networks, and discussion groups

Public participation resources - generic

• Access Initiative.
  The Access Initiative is a global coalition of civil society groups, convened by the World Resources Institute, working to promote national-level implementation of access to information, participation, and justice in decisions affecting the environment. The Access Initiative seeks to ensure that people have a voice in the decisions that affect their environment and their communities. TAI partners promote transparent, participatory, and accountable governance as an essential foundation for sustainable development. To achieve this goal, partners form national coalitions, assess government progress using a common methodology, raise public awareness, and set priorities for improvements in policy and practice. The Access Initiative also has a tool to help citizens evaluate how well their governments are doing.
  http://www.accessinitiative.org/about.html

• Community at Work
  Resource list for Practitioners, Putting Participatory Values into Practice.
  The Websites in this resource list are separated into three categories: professional associations, resources (such as libraries, networks, and discussion groups), and organizations that promote participatory values. The descriptions come from the Websites themselves.
  http://www.communityatwork.com/resources.html

• Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and access in Environmental matters.
  http://www.unece.org/env/pp/oa.htm

• Constructive Citizen Participation: A Resource Book is now available! Over 300 pages, 36 case studies and 21 technique articles. The material in this Resource Book is ideal for preventing and resolving public controversy about major projects, programs and policies. It contains a comprehensive collection of how-to-do-it articles, relevant professional papers, case studies, practical techniques and proven strategies. Connor Development Services Ltd (PETER CROAL TO DECIDE IF THIS STAYS)
  http://www.islandnet.com/connor/resource.html

• Consultation: When the goal is good decisions.
  Patterson, R. Anne, Rod A. Lohin and D. Scott Ferguson. 1992.
  Canadian Centre for Management Development (CCMD).
  This paper focuses exclusively on the relationship between consultation and decision-making. It show managers how to determine whether or not their decisions can be enhanced by consultation, and ensure that their consultation efforts will contribute to making good decision.
  info@ccmd-ccg.gc.ca or http://www.ccmd-ccg.gc.ca/

  

• ELDIS Participation Resource Guide. Electronic Development and Environment Information System (ELDIS).
  ELDIS is a gateway to online information on development or the environment, focusing on countries of the South. This site provides you with links to major resources on participation for example, Participatory Initiatives, Participation Collection and Database, IDS, Communities Online, Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Initiative (SAPRI), and more.
  http://www.eldis.org/participation/

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
  http://www.epa.gov/epahome/nonprof.htm

• Government-Citizen Relations.
  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
  http://www.oecd.org/topic/0,2686,en_2649_34275_1_1_1_1_37405,00.html

• Information Access Mechanisms: Collecting and Disseminating the Information Necessary for Environmental Protection.
  Environmental Law Institute (ELI)
  http://www.elistore.org/reports_detail.asp?ID=223&topic=Public_Participation

• International Association for Public Participation (IAP2).
  IAP2 was established in 1990 to further the practice of public participation. It has members from all over the world. This site offers an on-line source of information on public participation. The network includes articles, announcements, and ongoing dialogues on the latest issues and trends in public participation. It also contains a Public Participation Toolbox that lists techniques for sharing information, consulting and involving stakeholders, with useful tips on what works under what circumstances.
  http://www.iap2.org

• Mind the Gap: Mainstreaming gender and participation in development.
  Nazneen Kanji, with preface by Michel Pimbert
  This paper draws out lessons from gender mainstreaming work for those who seek to institutionalise participation. The author begins by discussing the shift from Women in Development (WID) to Gender and Development (GAD) and the conceptual frameworks which contributed to this process.
  http://www.iied.org/sarl/pubs/institutpart.html#9259IIED

• Online Mediators.
  This is an online mediation program using the Internet to resolve disputes, seeking volunteer mediators.
  http://www.onlinemediators.com/

• PARnet - gateway for practitioners and scholars of action research around the world. Founded in the Spring of 1993, PARnet is the oldest action research Website on the Internet. Its non-affiliated institutional status and mission to facilitate a comprehensive community managed knowledge base give PARnet a unique role in the ever expanding assortment of action research sources on the Internet. PARnet
  http://www.parnet.org

  

• Participatory Evaluations: Making Projects Work. Dialogue on Development, Technical Paper No. TP94/2. Freedman, Jim. 1994. Calgary: Division of International Development, International Centre, The University of Calgary.
  This is a guide to the project process. It includes useful evaluations, and education re participation in projects, methods, creating a team, identifying problems, and how to carry out the project.
  http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca

• Participatory Tools and Techniques: A Resource Kit for Participation and Social Assessment.
  Rietbergen-McCracken, Jennifer and Deepa Narayan. 1997.
  Social Policy and Resettlement Division, Environment Department, The World Bank.
  This kit provides a video entitled "Participatory Techniques in Action" which brings together some of the best examples of recent World Bank experiences in participatory approaches. It is 108 minutes long comprised of three unique films: "Participation and the World Bank's Work: Learning to Get Better At It", "The Poverty Experts: A Participatory Poverty Assessment in Tanzania", and "Groundwork: Participatory Research for Girls' Education". This kit also provides six modules regarding participatory tools and techniques.
  books@worldbank.orgl

• Participation Toolkit. Citizen participation in local governance is an important theme in policy and development debates. This Website aims to contribute to this debate. The toolkit offers information on tools which promote citizen participation in local governance. Over hundred cases are described and analysed. The site also presents articles and links for further reference. A dynamic site like this will never be finished. So we invite you to contribute with your own articles, links and cases. We trust this Participation Toolkit will contribute to promoting citizen participation.
  http://www.toolkitparticipation.com/offer.asp

• People's Participation.
  This is a section of Sustainable Development Dimensions, a service of the Sustainable Development Department (SD) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
  http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/sustdev/PEdef_en.htm

• Preventing and Resolving Disputes with Communities and NGOs. Business Partners for Development (BPD) Natural Resources Cluster.
  Through processes such as land and asset acquisition or because of unmet expectations, projects in the extractive industry can represent a source of grievance among local communities. As a result, operators in the industry can find themselves fuelling disputes among local population which directly affects their business. Tri-sector partnerships can play an important role in preventing or resolving those disputes.
  http://www.bpd-naturalresources.org/media/pdf/bn/Bnote6final.pdf

• Preventing and Resolving Public Controversy
  This site offers an instructional video and workbook program, training information, and consulting services. It allows you to access Desmond Connor's library of case studies, happenings, and "In Print", and it provides links to other public consultation-related sites.
  connor@connor.bc.ca or http://www.islandnet.com/connor/

  

• Public Participation and Sustainable Development Module.
  This module provides access to resources such as case studies, bibliography, related sites, regulations, research documents, etc.
  http://www.farn.org.ar/docs/pp/en_index.html

• Public Participation – critical for Sustainable Development.
  This short brochure was prepared by the International Association for Public Participation (IAP2) as a contribution to the World Summit on Sustainable Development. It also outlines the benefits of public participation in decision-making).
  This document can be downloaded in pdf format, and read by using Adobe Acrobat Reader. Please click here to download.

• Public Involvement Network (PIN)
  This site offers interesting information regarding public participation in different areas, links to IAP2 and other Websites in the field of public involvement, various conference information, search page, and information regarding products and services offered by PIN.
  pin@pin.orgor http://www.pin.org

• Public Involvement Policy (PIP) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  http://www.epa.gov/publicinvolvement/policy2003/index.htm

• Public Participation Resource Guide
  This Public Participation Resource Guide is a collection of methods, examples, suggestions, and resources to help the readers involve their community in their local decisions. It was designed to give suggestions and model features to Washington communities who receive Community Development Block Grants and conduct public participation programs. Others who value public involvement are also likely to gain ideas and resources to help them do their work.
  http://www.nrf.org/cpguide/index.html

• Resource Centres for Participatory Learning and Action (RCPLA). The RCPLA Homepage includes the latest information on member activities as well as issues relevant to the network's activities and goals.
  http://www.rcpla.org

• Rules for Success in Environmental Negotiation
  Scientists at the Mid-Continent Ecological Science Center of the National Biological Service conducted a series of case studies of Federal Energy Regulatory Commission license consultations. The goal of these studies was to test hypotheses about factors that contribute to success in interagency negotiations. Based on their analysis of six case studies, the researchers constructed a list of ten "rules for success." Examples include: Analyze the incentives of each party to negotiate, paying special attention to parties who gain by not negotiating; Clarify the technical issues so that all agree and they coincide with resource management objectives; and Make sure the final agreement is feasible from both a physical and a policy perspective so that it can actually be implemented. These rules can be used to plan for negotiations and to diagnose ongoing negotiations.
  http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/products/Publications/2765/2765.asp

  

• SD Gateway
  Public Participation in decision-making and policy development processes is key to ensuring equitable, sustainable development. Including public concerns in policies and programs ensures that they are all-inclusive and meet the needs of everyone in society. The articles in this section provide examples of public participation initiatives and outlines the characteristics of successful public participation initiatives.
  http://www.sdgateway.net/topics/241.htm

• Social Watch
  This site is described as "...an NGO watchdog system aimed at monitoring the performance of governments in meeting targets of social progress to which they themselves have made pledges at relevant United Nations Conferences..." It covers information on the importance of public participation processes in sustainable development. Produced by the Instituto del Tercer Mundo.
  http://www.socwatch.org.uy/en/portada.htm

• The Landcare Research Collaborative Learning for Environmental Management (CL-research).
  Sustainable Development Extension: This report prepared for the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry covers current theory and practice, and suggests ways to integrate and co-ordinate sustainable development information and extension. It points to constraints of fragmentation of information and knowledge, and that the lack of capacity to institute learning-based approaches on a scale beyond that of individual groups. The report highlights the need to mainstream appropriate evaluation processes to support, and measure progress, towards, the required wide-scale collaborative learning approaches.
  http://www.landcareresearch/co.nz/research/social/

• The World Bank Public Participation Resources.
  This is the participation and civic engagement Website of the World Bank. It contains a wealth of information on methods and approaches to encourage stakeholders, especially the poor, to participate in decision-making.
  http://www.worldbank.org/participation/

• The World Bank Participation Source Book.
  This book contains many useful practical resources.
  http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/sourcebook/sbhome.htm

• United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
  This site contains various publications, including publications related to the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters.
  http://www.unece.org/env/pp/publications.htm

• Websites @ participation
  This website of the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) contains numerous links to public participation resources, guides, organisations, case studies etc worldwide.
  http://www.fao.org/Participation/websites.html

• Citizen participation and environmental Assessment. G
  Bailey, P.D., and Yearley, S. (1999). International Journal of Environment and Pollution Volume 11 (3)
  This publication can be purchased.
  http://www.inderscience.com/ejournal/e/ijep/ijepabsindex.html

• Community Culture and the Environment.
  This Guide to Understanding a Sense of Place was produced by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
  http://www.epa.gov/ecocommunity/pdf/ccecomplete.pdf

• Linking Participatory Processes and Environmental Assessment (EA).
  Leal, Pablo and Donna Maher. Hull, Quebec: Environmental Assessment and Compliance Unit, Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), October 1997.
  This is a book of the proceedings for the workshop held at CIDA on June 26, 1997. This workshop explored the significance of participatory approaches and methods and how they could be integrated into the Environmental Assessment process. This book covers such topics as 'Examining Institutional and Professional Behaviour and Attitudes', 'Mapping Participation', 'Participation in Development and the Project Cycle', 'Exploring some methods', and much more.
  Measures & indicators for sustainability

• Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessments in Developing Countries: Index of Useful Resources. Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).
  The Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessments (EAs) Index of Useful Resources is a compilation of both French and English resources related to environmental assessment public participation practices, tools, and techniques undertaken in developing and Central and Eastern Europe countries. Although the public participation resources deal mainly with environmental assessment in developing countries, some useful general references have also been included. The types of resources include publications, internet Websites, CD-ROM's and videos. The aim of this Index is to serve as a guide to information that may prove helpful in dealing with public participation in EAs. The index provides publications, Websites and other resources.
  Index

• Public Involvement in Environmental Decision-Making: The Experience of the World Bank.
  Davis, Shelton H. 1996. Theme Paper. World Bank
  This guide covers history of the World Bank and participation, public involvement as an instrument of environmental reform, a social communications approach to participation, social actors, social arenas, and social fields, public involvement tools and techniques, and social learning and sustainable development.
  ealfaro1@worldbank.org

• Public Participation in Environmental Regulation, Environmental Law Institute
  (CLICK HERE to Download this report for free. (105 pages, 10000KB)

  

• Special Issue on Participation and Integrated Environmental Assessment
  Editor: Martin O’Connor
  Special issue of the International Journal of Environment and Pollution (IJEP)
  http://193.51.42.100/commun/Revues/IJEP/ijepvol11(3).htm

• The Logistics of Public Participation in Environmental Assessment. International Journal of Environment and Pollution Volume 11 (3), 316-30.
  Forrester, J. (1999)
  This publication can be purchased.
  http://www.inderscience.com/ejournal/e/ijep/ijepabsindex.html

• The Landcare Research Collaborative Learning for Environmental Management (CL-research).
  The site’s resources related to themes of stakeholder participation and partnerships. The Website provides information, frameworks, tools and processes which can be used by those wishing to more effectively engage different groups of stakeholders in research and development initiatives. A number of on-line papers and reports are available. Topics covered included participation, organisational learning, group processes, and working with local and indigenous knowledge and values.
  http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/social/

• The Landcare Research Collaborative Learning for Environmental Management (CL-research).
  Using participatory and learning-based approaches for environmental management to help achieve constructive behaviour change: this report prepared for the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment reviews contemporary approaches to environmental policy making, and frameworks for supporting behaviour change. It outlines key concepts for managing participation in practice, and describes how to build group capacity for supporting change.
  http://www.landcareresearch/co.nz/research/social/

• World Bank. This search engine allows you to look for "public participation" and public participation to environmental assessments. The site permits the viewer to have access to many World Bank documents on this topic.
  http://www.worldbank.org./

• Appreciate Inquiry and Community Development
  Most development projects are designed and delivered using a combination of participatory techniques—including participatory rural appraisal, participatory learning and action, and various workshop methods—to uncover local problems, resource constraints, deficiencies and unmet basic needs. These approaches encourage participation, emphasize the importance of local knowledge and address real problems, but they often fail to sustain community participation after the implementing organization withdraws.
  http://www.iisd.org/ai/

• CIDA – Occasional Series
  The Purpose of this series of papers is to contribute to shared learning within the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) about capacity development – the concept, the approaches, tools, techniques, methodologies, and experiences
  http://www.cida.co.uk/htmlversion/index.html

• Community Builders – Working together to strengthen communities
  This site is an interactive electronic clearing house for everyone involved in community level social, economic and environmental renewal including community leaders, community & government workers, volunteers, program managers, academics, policy makers, youth and seniors.
  http://www.communitybuilders.nsw.gov.au/

• Community Planning
  Growing numbers of residents are getting involved with professionals in shaping their local environment. This Website is an essential starting point for everyone concerned. It provides easily accessible how-to-do-it best practice information of international scope and relevance.
  http://www.communityplanning.net/

• Developing From Within. Essays on Organizing Communities for Self-Sufficiency
  Freedman, Jim. 1995. Dialogue on Development, Discussion Paper No. DP95/3. Calgary: Division of International Development, International Centre, The University of Calgary.
  This paper covers community organizing for sustainability, confronting the cultures of poverty, and techniques for participation action.
  Paper

• Methods to Strengthen Communities, Raising Capacity in Low Income Neighbourhoods
  http://www.scn.org/cmp/

• Participatory Development Tool Kit: Materials to Facilitate Community Empowerment.
  Narayan, Deepa and Lyra Srinivasan. 1994.
  This kit will help project managers, trainers, social scientists, and other practioners incorporate participatory processes and methods into their programs. The activities and materials in this tool kit are applicable to many fields, although they were developed for the water and sanitation sector.
  books@worldbank.org

  

• Projects with People: The practice of participation in rural development.
  Oakley, Peter et al. 1991. Geneva: International Labour Organisation.
  This book covers a wide range of experiences in which genuine attempts are being made to promote the participation of the people within the broad framework of rural development projects. The study presents a selection of case studies drawn from the three developing regions of the world, highlighting the methodological approach applied in promoting participation within a variety of sectoral, institutional and policy settings. Elements of a strategy and of a methodology for promoting people's participation are drawn from these case studies.
  http://www.ilo.org/

• Participatory Initiatives
  Materials and sites on participatory development. Provides articles, tools, e-mail discussion lists, online resources, and organizations and networks.
  http://www.oac.uoguelph.ca/~pi/

• D Forum – Virtual Resource Centre
  The PD Forum Virtual Resource Centre (VRC) is an innovative and participatory web-based resource centre. It is a compilation of articles, papers, book reviews and resources for development practitioners, action researchers, project officers, program managers, policy makers and people interested in Participatory Development to draw upon to enhance their understanding and practice of participation.
  http://www.pdforum.org/vrc/

• Participatory Tools and Techniques: A Resource Kit for Participation and Social Assessment, Social Policy and Resettlement Division, Environment Department, The World Bank.
  Rietbergen-McCracken, Jennifer and Deepa Narayan. 1997.
  Provides participatory tools and techniques regarding social assessment, stakeholder analysis, participatory rural appraisal, SARAR (self-esteem, associative strength, resourcefulness, action planning, and responsibility), beneficiary assessment, and participatory monitoring and evaluation.
  This kit also provides a video entitled "Participatory Techniques in Action" which brings together some of the best examples of recent World Bank experiences in participatory approaches. (See 'English Resources - Other')
  books@worldbank.org

  

• The community's toolbox: The idea, methods and tools for participatory assessment, monitoring and evaluation in community forestry.
  In June of 1988, in the small town of Kisumu, on the shore of Lake Victoria in Kenya a workshop on participatory monitoring and evaluation was held. It was sponsored by the FAO/SIDA Forests, Trees and People Programme, CARE International and the Ford Foundation; and was attended by people from many countries. In the year preceding the workshop, case studies on the information systems of six forestry projects in East Africa had been done by a team of researchers. The results of the workshop, and the case studies have been reported in "Proceedings of the National Agroforestry Monitoring and Evaluation Methodology Project (AFMEMP) Workshop".
  http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5307e/x5307e00.htm

• The Landcare Research Collaborative learning for Environmental Management (CL-research).
  The site’s resources related to themes of stakeholder participation and partnerships. The Website provides information, frameworks, tools and processes which can be used by those wishing to more effectively engage different groups of stakeholders in research and development initiatives. A number of on-line papers and reports are available. Topics covered included participation, organisational learning, group processes, and working with local and indigenous knowledge and values.
  http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/social/

• USAID: Participatory Development a Record of Accomplishment
  The Agency defines PARTICIPATION as "the active engagement of partners and customers in sharing ideas, committing time and resources, making decisions, and taking action to bring about a desired development objective." Participation describes both the end and the means; both the kind of results we seek, and the way that we, as providers of development and humanitarian assistance, must nurture those results. It underlies two of USAID's core values: customer focus and engagement of partners and stakeholders through teamwork. http://www.usaid.gov/about/part_devel/

• United Nations: Index to Economic and Social Development
  This site contains a wealth of capacity building materials and useful links to a range of other organisations that provide capacity building
  http://www.ifcb-ngo.org/contact/

• World Bank Institute, Capacity for Development Newsletter
  Capacity for Development is WBI’s bimonthly electronic newsletter for sharing news and resources on capacity building for development.
  http://worldbank.org/wbi/about_newsletter.html

• Reaching Out, Reaching In: A Guide to Creating Effective Public Participation for State Historic Preservation Programs. Originally published in 1993.
  This publication remains timely in its advice for involving the public in historic preservation planning activities. The only changes that have been made from the original text are updated author statements and lengthier listings in the "Sources of Additional Information." Despite the title, this publication is relevant guidance for public participation at the local level. In addition, the information in the Section 2 Appendix about the Maryland Historical Trust was current as of the original publication date, but it may not be entirely up-to-date now.
  http://www2.cr.nps.gov/pad/PlanCompan/PublicPartic/RORIhome.html

• Sources in Public Participation, Print and Internet Resources for Public Participation in Historic Preservation Planning.
  The following are sources of information about the participation and involvement of citizens, community residents, stakeholders, and others ("the public") in public decision-making. This is not an exhaustive list, but it should provide a general familiarity with various techniques and approaches to public participation in planning. Most of these sources place the discussion of public participation in settings other than historic preservation planning -- this should not be a concern. The approaches and techniques described in these sources are useful and beneficial in historic preservation situations at all levels -- local, state, and federal. This list does not yet include sources on using the Internet as a technique for involving the public in planning. We welcome recommendations for additional sources on this and other topics to be included in future updates of this list (please contact nps_hps-info@nps.gov).
  http://www2.cr.nps.gov/pad/PlanCompan/PublicPartic/ParticSources.html

• Business Partners for Development (BPD) Natural Resources Cluster Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a tool to secure the Social Licence to Operate An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is carried out for most large scale facilities prior to construction or other major activity. Alongside expanding the scope of the EIA study to fully include social impacts and ensure more effective public consultation, partnering with community leaders and groups, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and local government authorities can offer a way for company's to improve the contribution the EIA process makes to securing the social licence to operate.
  http://www.bpd-naturalresources.org/media/pdf/bn/note5f_2.pdf

• Capacity Building for Sustainable Development. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation – Approaches to Sustainability is a joint study by the UNDP’s Capacity 21 initiative and the Global Environment Facility. The objective is to promote an understanding of the available methodologies for PME, who is trying them, what has and has not worked, and how different programs have addressed problems. (Note this is a 79 page, 3.18 MB, PDF file).
  http://www.undp.org/capacity21/docs/ats/ats-pme.pdf

  

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Sensitive Environments and the Siting of Hazardous Waste Facilities
  http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/tsds/site/sites.pdf

• Environmentally Sustainable Development. 1996. World Bank Participation Sourcebook.
  The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
  This book covers: definitions, shared experiences, methods and tools, and working paper summaries.
  It also offers practice pointers in participatory planning and decision-making.
  books@worldbank.org

• Index of EIA Websites provided by the International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA)
  http://www.iaia.org/eialist.html

• International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA)
  This Website contains information regarding IAIA, as well as direct links to professional internet sites (such as the Australian EIA Network, International Rivers Network, Econet, etc.), the Impact Assessment Journal, and the IAIA Newsletter. Its resources section covers ten areas in impact assessment, including risk assessment, social impact assessment, policy assessment and training.
  http://IAIA.ext.NoDak.edu/IAIA/

• International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)
  The IIED Resource Centre is part of an international network of Resource Centres (RCPLA) which is dedicated to the sharing, exchange and promotion of good quality information concerning participatory approaches to development. This site provides you with information on Environmental Planning, Environmental Economics, Participatory Learning & Action, Events, Courses, and Workshops, and much more.
  http://www.iied.org/resource/ or laura.greenwood@iied.org

• SD Gateway, Education and Capacity Building in Sustainable Development
  Educating future generations and building the capacity of organizations around the world are an important step towards ensuring that they have the skills to address sustainability issues. This section presents examples of education and capacity building initiatives in both the developed and developing world. It also contains articles on institution building.
  http://sdgateway.net/topics/261.htm

• The Enterprise Development Impact Assessment Information Services Bibliographic Database currently contains details of some 400 books, journal articles and web documents which relate to impact assessment and will be updated from time to time. Please note that the Bibliography does not offer direct assess to these documents.
  http://www.enterprise-impact.org.uk/informationresources/bibliographies.shtml

• United National Environment Programme (UNEP)
  This site contains resources for a range of roleplayers in environmental and development initiatives. Resources are provided for governments, scientists, journalists, children and youth, business persons and civil society
  http://www.unep.org/

Resources: libraries, networks, and discussion groups

• 
  3M Meeting Network
  Advice on planning and facilitating meetings, including virtual meetings, meeting guides, facilitators, products, and research.
  http://www.3m.com/meetingnetwork/readingroom/meetingguides.html/

• Civic Practices Network
  A collaborative project dedicated to bringing practical tools for public problem solving into community and institutional settings across America. Provides models, techniques, manuals, syllabi, and training centres.
  http://www.cpn.org/

• Community Peacemakers
  Non-profit and community service organization of professional and experienced facilitators, organizers and cheerleaders to a vast network of Bay Area educational and spiritual centres and social groups. Offers a calendar of events, materials, discussion groups, and links.
  http://www.compeace.org/

• Libraries as a community Resource for Environmental Information, Environmental Law Institute
  http://www.elistore.org/ Libraries

• National Civic League
  Advocacy organization promoting the principles of collaborative problem-solving and consensus-based decision-making in local community building. Offers programs, and publications.
  http://www.ncl.org/

• Partnership for Principle 10. The Partnership for Principle is an international forum for governments, civil society organizations, donors, and other stakeholders working together to enhance public access to information, participation, and justice in national-level decision making.
  http://www.uncrd.or.jp/res/ws/joint.htm

• Participatory Development Forum (PD Forum)
  We are a network dedicated to promoting a philosophy of participation that advocates for people's capacity and right to define and control their own development in order to achieve social justice and equality.
  http://www.pdforum.org/

• The Alliance for National Renewal (ANR)
  A coalition of over 200 national and local organizations dedicated to the principles of community renewal. Attempting to serve as a catalyst for inspiring diverse people to work collaboratively in revitalizing their communities and society. Offers conferences, publications, and technical assistance.
  http://www.ncl.org/anr/

• The Facilitator
  Newsletter available on-line. Provides articles, tips and techniques, events, and resources.
  http://www.TheFacilitator.com/

Public participation case studies

• Australian Commonwealth Government. Through the search tool, search for "public participation"; choose 'environment' portfolio to limit search to public participation regarding the environment only - this site allows you to view EIA consultancy reports regarding public participation and analysis of EIA practice & procedures in other countries, case studies, and documents regarding Indigenous participation in commonwealth EIA.
  webmaster@fed.gov.au or http://www.fed.gov.au/

  

• Case Studies in Environmental Protection: Popular Education, Community Sustainability, and Global Connections
  Keough, Noel, Micheal Gismondi and Joan Sherman. 1997, Athabasca University
  An extensive study guide covering case studies re: environmental protection; unit 4 is specifically EIA and Community Participation.
  library@athabascau.ca or http://www.athabascau.ca/html/depts/library/library.htm

• Case Studies on Stakeholder Involvement Activities – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  http://www.epa.gov/publicinvolvement/pdf/appd1.pdf

• City of Vancouver public processes by citizens
  http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/publicprocess/citizens.htm

• Constructive Citizen Participation: A Resource Book is now available! Over 300 pages, 36 case studies and 21 technique articles. The material in this Resource Book is ideal for preventing and resolving public controversy about major projects, programs and policies. It contains a comprehensive collection of how-to-do-it articles, relevant professional papers, case studies, practical techniques and proven strategies. Connor Development Services Ltd
  http://www.islandnet.com/connor/resource.html

• Handbook of Good practices in Public Participation at local level.
  The Aarhus Convention, Newcastle Workshop. Article 6, case studies
  http://www.unece.org/env/pp/newcastle.handbook.htm#Article 6

• Handbook of Good practices in Public Participation at local level.
  The Aarhus Convention, Newcastle Workshop. Article 7, case studies
  http://www.unece.org/env/pp/newcastle.handbook.htm#Article 7

• Handbook of Good practices in Public Participation at local level.
  The Aarhus Convention, Newcastle Workshop. Case studies of Helping People to Participate
  http://www.unece.org/env/pp/newcastle.handbook.htm#Case

• Institutional Innovation in Community-based Participation: A case of the development and implementation of environmental projects and programmes at local government level in Nigeria Babajide Alo, University of Lagos, The World Bank/WBIs CBNRM Initiative
  alo@pinet.net
  Innovative participatory principles and tenets are increasingly creeping into policy on environmental projects/programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. This is upcoming with the increasing requirements for sustainability of environmental projects in the region and the realization that “participation endeavors are never neutral – they always have an impact, whether positive or negative” (Cook and Donnelly-Roak, 1994). In order to effectively mainstream the tenets of participation, broad, long term policies and programmes are beginning to be established.
  http://srdis.ciesin.columbia.edu/cases/nigeria-007.html

  

• Participatory Development from the Perspective of the Community
  Macapagal, Juanita, and Gloria Nayal. 1994, Canada-Asia Partnership Program (Philippines)
  This case study covers participatory development, people's views, shared experiences, stories of leaders, and case studies.
  Inquiries: http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca or Visit http://www.cgi-bin/library/mailform.cgi?username=libinfo&actual_name=Library+Information+Desk

• Participatory Tools and Techniques: A Resource Kit for Participation and Social Assessment.
  Rietbergen-McCracken, Jennifer and Deepa Narayan. 1997.
  Social Policy and Resettlement Division, Environment Department, The World Bank.
  This kit provides a video entitled "Participatory Techniques in Action" which brings together some of the best examples of recent World Bank experiences in participatory approaches. It is 108 minutes long comprised of three unique films: "Participation and the World Bank's Work: Learning to Get Better At It", "The Poverty Experts: A Participatory Poverty Assessment in Tanzania", and "Groundwork: Participatory Research for Girls' Education". This kit also provides six modules regarding participatory tools and techniques.
  books@worldbank.org

• Public Participation and Sustainable Development Module.
  This module provides access to resources such as case studies, bibliography, related sites, regulations, research documents, etc.
  http://www.farn.org.ar/docs/pp/en_index.html

• Public Participation: A Manual
  Connor, Desmond M. 1996. Victoria, B.C.: Development Press.
  This manual covers topics such as preventing and resolving public controversy, case studies, techniques: the four basic building blocks of a good public participation program, a generic design for public involvement programs, basic principles, and other resources.
  connor@islandnet.com
  http://www.islandnet.com/~connor

• Participation Toolkit. Citizen participation in local governance is an important theme in policy and development debates. This Website aims to contribute to this debate. The toolkit offers information on tools which promote citizen participation in local governance. Over hundred cases are described and analysed. The site also presents articles and links for further reference. A dynamic site like this will never be finished. So we invite you to contribute with your own articles, links and cases. We trust this Participation Toolkit will contribute to promoting citizen participation.
  http://www.toolkitparticipation.com/offer.asp

• Public participation methods: evolving and operationalising an evaluation framework - developing and testing a toolkit for evaluating the success of public participation exercises. This summary report provides an overview of the results of a research project focused on developing a set of validated methodological tools to enable those running public consultation exercises to evaluate their effectiveness.
  http://www.integratedcarenetwork.gov.uk/themes/inclusion_res.php?detail=67

• Participatory Evaluation: A Case Study of CCIC Humanitarian Fund Projects in Haiti
  By Françoise Coupal and Marie Simoneau
  Over the past decade there has been a growing body of literature in support of more qualitative methods and participatory approaches to evaluation. While articles and publications have mushroomed, there has been a paucity of case studies for development practitioners to draw and learn from. For development practitioners this has presented both challenges and limitations. Being faced with few "models" has forced us to be creative, to draw on experience and intuition of what does and does not work and finally, to learn to work with a degree of uncertainty.
  http://www.mosaic-net-intl.ca/pehaiti15.html

  

• Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation for Community-driven Projects
  By Françoise Coupal, Mosaic.net International, Inc.
  In a recent discussion on the GP-NET about a World Bank workshop on Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation for Community-Driven Projects, Chanya Charles, who is on the Research and Reference Services Project as a Research Analyst for USAID's Participation Initiative, wrote: "While there were many exercises aimed at creating a participatory evaluation framework, the same confusion and questions arose throughout the two days. What makes participatory evaluation different from a "good" traditional evaluation? What is the purpose of the evaluation? Who is the evaluation for? Who is supposed to participate? When? To what extent? Also, if we agree that participatory evaluation is a good thing, how do we find harmony among all the stakeholders in the evaluation process?" Françoise Coupal, founder and director of Mosaic. net International, Inc., addressed these questions in the following article. Based in Ottawa, Ontario, Mosaic. net International, Inc. is a private sector firm committed to providing innovative solutions to development.
  http://www.mosaic-net-intl.ca/ontrack.html

• Preventing and Resolving Public Controversy
  This site offers an instructional video & workbook program, training information, and consulting services. It allows you to access Desmond Connor's library of case studies, happenings, and "In Print", and it provides links to other public consultation-related sites.
  connor@connor.bc.ca
  http://www.islandnet.com/connor/

• Rules for Success in Environmental Negotiation
  Scientists at the Mid-Continent Ecological Science Centre of the National Biological Service conducted a series of case studies of Federal Energy Regulatory Commission license consultations. The goal of these studies was to test hypotheses about factors that contribute to success in interagency negotiations. Based on their analysis of six case studies, the researchers constructed a list of ten "rules for success." Examples include: Analyze the incentives of each party to negotiate, paying special attention to parties who gain by not negotiating; Clarify the technical issues so that all agree and they coincide with resource management objectives; and Make sure the final agreement is feasible from both a physical and a policy perspective so that it can actually be implemented. These rules can be used to plan for negotiations and to diagnose ongoing negotiations.
  Rules of success

• Telling Their Own Story: A case study approach to development issues - Vignettes from Nepal.
  Dialogue on Development, Case Study No. CS95/1. Calgary: Division of International Development, International Centre, Rogers, Carol, Lana Wylie, Sheila Robinson and Philip Cox. 1995. The University of Calgary.
  This case study covers 5 case studies from Nepal re: different issues ranging from 'experience with Smokeless Stoves' to 'experience as Community Development Worker'.
  http://www.acs.ucalgary.caor visit http://www.cgi-bin/library/mailform.cgi?username=libinfo&actual_name=Library+Information+Desk

• The New Public: The Globalization of Public Participation.
  Edited by ELI Senior Attorney Carl Bruch, this book takes a close look at the foundations of public involvement, and regional and international institutions that advance public involvement. The book, whose release coincides with the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa, highlights cases from Africa, the Americas, Europe, and Asia, illustrating the common need and experiences in promoting a core set of principles for public input in effective decision-making.
  http://www.elistore.org/reports_detail.asp?ID=10662

• The Landcare Research Collaborative Learning for Environmental Management (CL-research).
  A collaborative research model for working with iwi: This report uses a New Zealand case study to outline some of the key ingredients of successful collaborative research with indigenous people. It also describes some of the barriers to, and difficulties in, setting up collaborative research projects in this way.
  http://www.landcareresearch/co.nz/research/social/

• A Measure of Peace: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment (PCIA) Of Development Projects in Conflict Zones.
  Kenneth Bush, 1998.
  This is a well phrased study of the potential to integrate EA principles into an assessment process for Peace and Conflict. A brief read of chapters 1 and 4 may provide a new perspective on how to present EA and SEA to a less than enthusiastic audience.
  http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~hlthpeac/pcia.pdf

• Australian Commonwealth Government. Through the search tool, search for "public participation"; choose 'environment' portfolio to limit search to public participation regarding the environment only - this site allows you to view EIA consultancy reports regarding public participation and analysis of EIA practice & procedures in other countries, case studies, and documents regarding Indigenous participation in commonwealth EIA.
  webmaster@fed.gov.au
  http://www.fed.gov.au/

  

• Australian Commonwealth Government. Through the search tool, search for "public participation"; choose 'environment' portfolio to limit search to public participation regarding the environment only - this site allows you to view EIA consultancy reports regarding public participation and analysis of EIA practice & procedures in other countries, case studies, and documents regarding Indigenous participation in commonwealth EIA.
  webmaster@fed.gov.au
  http://www.fed.gov.au/

• Australian EIA Network. International Study of the Effectiveness of Environmental Assessment
  http://www.deh.gov.au/assessments/eianet/eastudy/index.html

• Case Studies in Environmental Protection: Popular Education, Community Sustainability, and Global Connections
  Keough, Noel, Micheal Gismondi and Joan Sherman. 1997, Athabasca University
  An extensive study guide covering case studies re: environmental protection; unit 4 is specifically EIA and Community Participation.
  library@athabascau.ca
  http://www.athabascau.ca/html/depts/library/library.htm

• Community Based Environmental Protection Issues and Responses - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  Community Based Environmental Protection (CBEP) is coordinated by the Office of Policy, Economics, and Innovation. CBEP is a new approach to environmental protection. Traditionally, environmental protection programs have focused on a particular medium or problem (i.e. a "Command and Control" approach to environmental protection). These "Command and Control" programs have been very effective at reducing point source pollution and improving environmental quality over the past two and one-half decades. However, some environmental problems, such as non-point source pollution, which may involve several media types and diffuse sources, are less amenable to "Command and Control" programs. Instead, a solution that seeks to address the various causes of the problems and understand the interrelationships between human behaviour and pollution in a specific area may be more appropriate. CBEP supplements and complements the traditional environmental protection approach by focusing on the health of an ecosystem and the behaviour of humans that live in the ecosystem's boundaries, instead of concentrating on a medium or particular problem. Therefore, CBEP is place-based, and not media or issue-based.
  http://www.epa.gov/ecocommunity/case1/index.htm

• Enterprise Development Impact Assessment Information Services. Case Studies.
  These case studies summarise impact assessments which have recently taken place in enterprise development projects, and will be built up over time as international donors, NGOs, NGOs send us information about impact assessments they have undertaken.
  http://www.enterprise-impact.org.uk/informationresources/casestudies.shtml

• The World Bank Group. A Regional Approach to Capacity Building for Coastal Management: Emerging Lessons
  The numerous economic opportunities offered within the coastal zone attract increasing populations to these areas. As these populations and their economic activities grow, there is a corresponding compelling need for sound management of coastal and marine resources, so that developmental options can be kept open. Effective coastal and marine resource management transcends boundaries and a regional approach is clearly the most effective method for governance of these fragile areas and important resources. Regional environmental organizations have, however, not always proved to be useful to the countries they were created to serve. Constraints, including unclear mission, lack of priority-setting, poor management, politics, inadequate funding and weak national support, have derailed many regional environmental organizations. The promising start of the Secretariat for Eastern African Coastal Area Management (SEACAM) illustrates that regional organizations can provide effective support to national Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) efforts.
  Findings

Training in EIA

• Australian EIA Network. International Association for Impact Assessment EIA Training Course Database
  http://www.deh.gov.au/assessments/eianet/iaia/index.html

• Capacity Building for Integrated Environmental Assessment and Reporting
  This training manual is provided by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNDP) and Ecologists International
  This training program and manual prepare you to undertake integrated environmental assessment and reporting nationally or sub nationally. Integrated environmental assessment is a process of producing and communicating policy-relevant information on key interactions between the natural environment and human society. The manual is designed for an intensive, four-day program, facilitated by qualified instructors. It includes all the information you will need to participate successfully, and can be used as a reference volume in your future work. We assume that most readers and course participants are high-level technical experts in national or state/provincial government agencies who are usually responsible for coordinating the environment or development reporting process, or both. They are also the ones who directly communicate with top policy-makers. Participants usually have an academic degree in either the natural or social sciences, and may already have experience in state of the environment (SOE) reporting and environmental assessment (EA).
  http://www.iisd.org/pdf/geo_manual_2.pdf

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) & Environment and Economic Unit (EEU). Environmental Impact Assessment: Training Resource Manual, June 1996.
  The main objective of the Training Resource Manual is to enable trainers, particularly, in developing countries and countries in transition (CITs) to develop tailor-made training courses for the different target groups concerned with EIA. The use of the manual will help build local capacity to develop EIA procedures and legislation, to conduct EIAs, and to monitor and evaluate the implementation of EIA. The proceedings of the regional workshop on "Capacity Building in EIA and trialling of the UNEP EIA Training Resource Manual" and a translation of the UNEP EIA Training Resource Manual in Vietnamese have recently been finalized and submitted.
  http://www.environment.gov.au/portfolio/epg/eianet/eianet.html

• NEP’s EIA Training Resource Manual of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
  http://www.deh.gov.au/assessments/eianet/unepmanual/index.html

• Center for Group Learning
  Teaches how groups of people work and how they can work better. Offers group resources, mailing list, and information about group process.
  http://www.cgl.org/

• Internet Tutorial on Public Participation – Connor Development Services Ltd
  It's like a custom workshop just for YOU, including our Manual and the use of our instructional Video, plus designing a public participation program for one of your projects. When you want it, where you want it - and no travel costs!
  http://www.islandnet.com/connor/internet.html

• Institute of Cultural Affairs
  Non-profit organization dedicated to promoting social innovation through participation and community building. Offers training in Group Facilitation Methods, Participatory Strategic Planning, Philosophy of Participation, etc. Offers facilitation and strategic planning services and books describing the ‘Technology of Participation’.™
  http://www.ica-usa.org/

• Preventing and Resolving Public Controversy
  This site offers an instructional video & workbook program, training information, and consulting services. It allows you to access Desmond Connor's library of case studies, happenings, and "In Print", and it provides links to other public consultation-related sites.
  connor@connor.bc.caor http://www.islandnet.com/connor/

• The International Association for Public Participation (IAP2) offers three certificate courses in public participation: Planning for effective Public Participation, Effective Communications for Public Participation and Techniques for Effective Public Participation. Course dates for different countries are posted on the Website. If you do not find your country there, contact IAP2. With enough interest, courses can be arranged anywhere in the world.
  http://www.iap2.org

• A Women in Development Technical Assistance Project – Training
  http://www.widtech.org/Training/Training.htm

• Business Partners for Development (BPD) Natural Resources Cluster The Natural Resources Cluster of Business Partners for Development developed a set of training modules to create awareness for a tri-sectoral partnership approach to the management of social issues in the extractive industries. The modules build capacity and skills to navigate the complex task of exploring, building and maintaining this new type of partnership.
  http://www.bpd-naturalresources.org/html/tools_train.html

• Community-driven development. Nova Scotia, Canada, May 19 – 6 June, 2003. The Asset-Based Approach, a certificate program, will be conducted by the Coady International Institute. The objective is to develop the capacity of senior development practitioners to use asset-based approaches to mobilise local skills and resources for development.
  http://stfx.ca/institutes/coady/text/programs_educational

• International Training Courses, International Institute of Rural Construction (IIRR)
  http://www.iirr.org/intlcourses.htm

This part of the site provides links to a number of international conventions, agreements and protocols, sometimes useful when one is conducting an EIA across international boundaries.

Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and access in Environmental matters (Aarhus Convention)

• Calendar of events
  http://www.unece.org/env/pp/calendar.htm

• Convention bodies
  http://www.unece.org/env/pp/tfwg.htm

• Full text of the Aarhus Convention
  http://www.unece.org/env/pp/treatytext.htm

• Meetings of the parties
  http://www.unece.org/env/pp/mop1page.htm

• Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers.
  http://www.unece.org/env/pp/prtr.htm

• Status of Ratification.
  http://www.unece.org/env/pp/ratification.htm

• United National Environment Programme (UNEP) in Environmental Governance and Law
  http://www.unep.org/themes/law/

• United National Environment Programme (UNEP), Environmental Conventions
  In order to keep Governments informed of new developments in international conventions and protocols in the field of the environment, UNEP has regularly issued the Register of International Treaties and Other Agreements in the Field of the Environment since 1977 in accordance with the mandate provided by the General Assembly and the Governing Council. The Register presents a brief summary of the provisions of those instruments as well as the status of participation in the respective instruments.
  - Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
  Basel Convention on...
  - Convention on Biological Diversity
  http://www.biodiv.org/default.aspx

  - Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
  http://www.unep.org/ozone/index.asp

  - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
  http://unfccc.int/
  - United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
  http://www.unccd.ch/

  - Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
  http://www.unep.ch/ozone/index.asp

• The African Conservation Foundation
  UK Office: John Parkin
  (Director - IT)
  P.O. Box 36,
  Bingley, W. Yorks
  BD16 1LQ
  United Kingdom.
  Tel: +44 1535 274160
  Fax:. +44 1535 271631
  *john@africanconservation.org or http://www.africanconservation.org/contents.html

• The African Conservation Foundation
  European Office - Germany: Arend de Haas
  (Director - GIS/Remote Sensing)
  Friedlandstr. 1A
  D-48163 Münster
  Germany
  *arend@africanconservation.org or http://www.africanconservation.org/contents.html

• A Women in Development Technical Assistance Project
  This project is funded by the Office of Women in Development, Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support and Research, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The website contains many useful links
  http://www.widtech.org/

• Association for Women’s Rights in Development (AWID)
  http://www.awid.org/contact.html

• Australian EIA Network
  http://www.deh.gov.au/awd/contacts.html

• Australian EIA Network, EIA Links
  http://www.deh.gov.au/assessments/eianet/links/index.html

• Business Partners for Development (BPD) Natural Resources Cluster
  This organisation works with a wide range of stakeholders around the world. It is a global network designed to study, support and promote strategic examples of partnerships involving business, government and civil society working together for the development of communities around the world, focussing on Tri-sector Partnerships for Managing Social Issues in the Oil, Gas and Mining Sectors.
  The Website contains many useful working papers and reports on trisector partnerships between business, government and civil society, as well as training modules and guidance notes. Have a look especially at the Advisors and Facilitators section of their Website.
  http://www.bpd-naturalresources.org

• Canada’s Coalition to end Global Poverty
  http://www.ccic.ca/e/home/index.shtml

• Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEA) Agency)
  http://www.ceaa.gc.ca/411/index_e.htm

• Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
  http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/commen-e.htm

• CBNRM Net – The Community-Based Natural Resource Management Network
  Worldwide, people working on Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM), as practitioners, managers and researchers, are talking about an urgent need for capabilities that enable direct communication between them. Such CBNRM networking capabilities would make it possible for people to exchange experiences, manage relevant knowledge, and support learning across countries, sectors, cultures, and languages, and in this way achieve better results. CBNRM Net is a response to this call. CBNRM Net's web site provides a powerful set of broad, robust and useful networking tools aimed at linking stakeholders
  http://www.cbnrm.net/index.html

  

• Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous knowledge (CBIK) CBIK is a participatory learning organization, dedicated to biodiversity conservation and community livelihood development, as well as documentation of indigenous knowledge and technical innovations related to resource governance at community and watershed levels, which is supplementary for government works. The organization was established in 1995 as a membership non-profit organization. Its more than 100 members include research professionals, development practitioners and resource managers
  http://www.cbik.ac.cn/

• Community Based Collaboratives Research Consortium (CBCRC)
  The Community Based Collaboratives Research Consortium (CBCRC) is a network of researchers, mediators and facilitators, government agencies, community groups and environmental groups seeking to understand and assess local collaborative efforts involving natural resources and community development.
  http://www.cbcrc.org/

• Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and access in Environmental matters. Contacts and links
  http://www.unece.org/env/pp/fp.htm

• DANCED
  The Danish Cooperation for Environment and Development site provides access to material on Capacity Development in Environment
  http://www.mst.dk/homepage/

• Eco-Portal – The Environmental Sustainability Info Source
  An Information Gateway Empowering the Movement for Environmental Sustainability, with true search engine, links to sites and news, action alert, discussion groups and more
  http://www.environmentalsustainability.info/

• Electronic Development and Environment Information System (ELDIS)
  ELDIS is a gateway to information on development issues, providing free and easy access to a wide range of high quality online resources. ELDIS provides summaries and links to online documents, and offers a directory of Websites, databases, library catalogues and email discussion lists. ELDIS's resource guides offer easy access to information on a wide range of subjects, and its email news services bring the latest research to your mailbox.
  http://www.eldis.org/about/index.htm

• Enterprise Development Assessment Information Services
  http://www.enterprise-impact.org.uk/enquiry/index.shtml

• Environment Canada
  http://www.ec.gc.ca/comments_e.html

• Environment Protection Group (Environment Australia)
  http://www.deh.gov.au/about/contacts.html

• Environmental Development Action (ENDA)
  ENDA is a non-profit international organization, based in Dakar, Senegal, with branches around the world seeking to promote sustainable development in the developing world. Through its projects against poverty and its research, training and exchange programs, it strives to integrate environmental, economic and cultural relationships in activities to meet the needs and objectives of grassroots groups.
  http://www.sdcn.org/members_enda.htm

• Friends of the Earth Europe/FoE Europe Home Page
  http://www.foeeurope.org/

  

• Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
  The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is a multi-stakeholder process and independent institution whose mission is to develop and disseminate globally applicable Sustainability Reporting Guidelines.
  http://www.globalreporting.org/

• Indigenous Peoples Biodiversity Information Network (IBIN)
  The Indigenous Peoples Biodiversity Information Network (IBIN) is a mechanism to exchange information about experiences and projects and to increase collaboration among indigenous groups working on common causes related to biodiversity use and conservation
  http://www.ibin.org/

• Inter-American Strategy for the Promotion of Public Participation in Decision-Making for Sustainable Development
  http://www.ispnet.org/contacts.htm

• International Alliance of Civil Society Organizations (CIVICUS)
  http://www.civicus.org/new/default.asp

• Integrated Approaches to Participatory Development (IAPAD)
  http://www.iapad.org/guest_book.htm

• International Association for Impact Assessment
  http://www.iaia.org

• International Association for Public Participation
  http://www.iap2.org

• International Development Research Centre (IDRC)
  The International Development Research Centre is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to help developing countries use science and technology to find practical, long-term solutions to the social, economic, and environmental problems they face. Support is directed toward developing an indigenous research capacity to sustain policies and technologies developing countries need to build healthier, more equitable, and more prosperous societies
  http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-26269-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

• International Forum on Capacity Building (IFCB)
  The IFCB is a common platform for the interaction and engagement of a broad range of players working to build the capacity of SNGOs in order to enhance their contributions towards addressing issues of poverty, marginalization, democratization, strengthening of civil society, human rights, and sustainable human development. This initiative acknowledges that capacity building efforts need to address the redefinition of roles and relationships between different development actors.
  http://www.ifcb-ngo.org/contact/

• International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)
  http://www.iisd.org/about/contact.asp

• International Institute of Rural Construction (IIRR)
  http://www.iirr.org/

• International Institute for Communication and Development
  http://www.iicd.org/base/home

• International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)
  http://www.iied.org/resource/

• International Labour Organization (ILO) The INDISCO Programme is an Interregional Programme to Support Self-Reliance of Indigenous and Tribal Communities through Cooperatives and other Self-Help Organizations
  http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/ent/coop/indisco.htm

• Indigenous & Tribal Peoples Centre of the Earth Council
  The Website provides links to relevant resources that will enhance understanding of today's developments on current relevant issues, and provide information that is important for well-informed participation between various sectors of society and in decision-making processes
  http://www.itpcentre.org/

• Institute of Development Studies
  http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/teach/

• Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD)
  Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD) was an independent two-year process of consultation and research with the objective of understanding how to maximise the contribution of the mining and minerals sector to sustainable development at the global, national, regional and local levels. Through this process, MMSD has proposed a clear agenda for global change in the minerals sector, that is based on careful analysis, that is understood and supported by many key stakeholders, and that identifies mechanisms for moving forward.
  http://www.iied.org/mmsd/what_is_mmsd.html

• National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
  http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/contact/

• Native Web
  This Website has resources for indigenous Cultures around the World
  http://www.nativeweb.org/info/contact.php

• Netherlands EIA Commission
  http://www.eia.nl/

• NRM-changelinks.net
  This website contains links for developing change in Natural Resource Management and is an on-line resource guide for those seeking to improve the use of collaborative and learning-based approaches
  http://nrm.massey.ac.nz/changelinks/

  

• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
  http://www.oecd.org/contactus/0,2579,en_2649_201185_1_1_1_1_1,00.html

• Oxfam Canada
  http://www.oxfam.ca/publications/SharingKnowledge.htm

• PACT
  This US-based NGO provides a “Catelog of educational materials and training tools for the international community”.
  http://www.pactworld.org/

• Participatory Management Clearinghouse
  This site, available through the World Conservation Union (IUCN) Website, has a wealth of information, and links to a range of other organisations useful to people in Southern Africa.
  http://www.iucn.org/themes/pmns/PMCinfo/contact.htm

• Participatory Action Research Net (PARnet)
  http://www.parnet.org/contact/

• Participation and Civic Engagement Website, The World Bank
  The Participation and Civic Engagement Group promotes methods and approaches that encourage stakeholders, especially the poor, to influence and share control over priority setting, policy making, resource allocations and access to public goods and services.
  http://www.worldbank.org/participation/

• Sustainable Livelihoods
  Creating sustainable livelihoods to eliminate poverty
  http://www.livelihoods.org/

• The Access Initiative
  The Access Initiative (TAI) is a global coalition of public interest groups collaborating to promote national-level implementation of commitments to access to information, participation, and justice in environmental decision-making. It also has developed a tool for citizen to evaluate how well their governments are doing.
  http://www.accessinitiative.org/

• The Landcare Research Collaborative learning for Environmental Management (CL-research).
  http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/social/

• The World Bank Group: Indigenous Knowledge Program
  The Indigenous Knowledge (IK) Program's website opens a gateway to different sources on IK. It aims to facilitate a multilateral dialogue between local communities, NGOs, governments, donors, civil society and the private sector. The ultimate objective of the website is to help mainstream indigenous/traditional knowledge into the activities of development partners and to optimize the benefits of development assistance, especially to the poor.
  http://www.worldbank.org/afr/ik/index.htm

• The World Commission on Dams (WCD)
  The WCD was an independent, international, multi-stakeholder process which addressed the controversial issues associated with large dams.
  http://www.dams.org/

• USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse
  This website is a global resource for development experience with over 122,000 USAID reports, over 16,000 available for downloading
  http://www.dec.org/contact.cfm

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  http://www.epa.gov/epahome/comments.htm

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
  http://www.unep.org/Contacts/

• UNDP: Civil Society Organisation and Participation Programme (CSOPP)
  http://www.undp.org/csopp/CSO/NewFiles/docemppeople.html

• World Bank Environment
  http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/envext.nsf/41ByDocName/Environment

• World Resources Institute
  http://about.wri.org/contact.cfm